• Distinction of referential and affective meanings (Ogden and Richards, 1923).
• (Parallel processing of propositional knowledge and Emotion?)

The characterization of emotion concepts should

• investigate the linguistic descriptions of the emotions (componential analysis, behaviour profiles, etc);

• discover the structure of both the core and peripheral aspects of meaning (clusters, ontologies,etc);

• involve uncovering cognitive models (or scenarions) associated with emotion terms (schema,frame,etc);

• account for the interaction between the emotion domain and the system of culture values. (within-cross-/culture variations)(K övecses 1990)

(Pustejovsky 1995)(Hsieh 2015)

A reshuffled version of emotional representation of the lexical item anger is characterized as follows:

In the cognitive linguistic tradition, emotions have often been understood and explained as universal to all human beings because of their grounding in bodily experience.(such as AFFECTION IS WARMTH is likely to be universal).

The metaphorical understanding of emotions is thus increasingly seen as being subject to the combined influence of embodiment, cognition and culture.

• EMOTION IS FORCE (K övecses 2003), exemplified by expressions like:
  • He was seized by emotion.
  • He was struggling with his emotions.

• Emotion concepts are not mere collections of features, they are best conceived as elaborate cognitive models (in terms of frame,script,schema, etc).

• A prototypical cognitive model that works (with certain variations) for all emotions and consists of five phases:

Cause (Danger) → Emotion (Fear) → Attempt at Control → Loss of Control → Behavioural Response (Fight)

(Stefanowitsch 2006) proposes a methos called metaphorical pattern analysis consisting of choosing a lexical item referring to the target domain under investigation, extracting a random sample of its occurrences in the corpus, identifying all metaphorical expressions that the search word is a part of, and grouping them according to general mappings.

corpus-based contrastive analysis of near-synonyms of affective terms (e.g., 渴望/想要; 沈迷/著迷; 憂愁/憂鬱; 沮喪/失望)

Homework.2